Chapter 5: Resources | |
Michael Witt | |
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Abstract |
The Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (ORE) specification defines a set of new standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of Web resources. This presents an exciting opportunity for us to revisit how digital libraries are provisioned. ORE and its concept of aggregation–that a set of digital objects of different types and from different locations on the Web can be described and exposed together as a single, compound entity–may present the next major disruptive technology for librarians who develop and manage collections of digital information. Currently, the management and presentation of digital library collections revolve mostly around the digital library systems that house them. A librarian decides what digital resources go together and then works within the capabilities of the system to present the resources in an appropriate and orderly context. The result is typically a series of webpages that human beings need to navigate in order to find and click on links to resources that meet their information needs. While the system may expose its metadata for harvesting or its index for federated searching, the digital resources themselves are tucked deeply inside proprietary silos. ORE presents the possibility of breaking down these silos by exposing the semantics of these resources and providing hooks to retrieve them without the need for a human being to read a webpage and click on a link. Liberating digital library content from these silos for reuse and exchange may very well explode the construct of the “collection” as we know it today because it will no longer be the exclusive domain of librarians to aggregate digital library resources and dictate the context of their presentation for use. Human beings and machines will be able to assemble their own “collections.” The goal of this issue of Library Technology Reports is to present a tutorial on ORE to make it more approachable and understandable to information professionals who are not computer scientists or programmers. The report begins by presenting the general concepts of ORE and then works backwards to explain and fill in some of the supporting technical details. It introduces the basic concepts of ORE and its foundation and follows an example of implementation to illustrate the graphing of the ORE data model, exploring Aggregations and Aggregated Resources and the serialization and provisioning of Resource Maps. A series of ORE tools and implementations are presented to relate the specification to real-world application in libraries. While the Semantic Web and ORE represent potentially disruptive technologies, the need for librarians to help make sense of interoperable digital information by provisioning resources with care and quality metadata and by connecting users to resources–and resources to resources–is greater than ever. In order to capitalize on these technologies, librarians must first understand them and be able to relate them to the professional practice of librarianship. |
A demonstration of ORE utilizing Resource Maps to integrate the Open Journal System with a DSpace repository for the submission and subsequent rendering of Aggregations to end-users.
Using OAI-ORE in an e-Journal-to-Repository Workflow
A powerful demonstration at the Open Repositories 2008 conference where a group of repository developers used ORE to transfer the entire contents of an e-Prints repository into a Fedora repository and back again.
The CRIG Repository Developer Challenge
Demonstrations of “enhanced” publications that are constructed using ORE and displayed as webpages using client-side (DRIVER-II) and server-side (JALC) XSLT transformations. DRIVER-II also provides Java applet for visualizing the relationships between the resources.
Enhanced Publications
A portal, API, and collection of materials from cultural institutions all over Europe that uses ORE as a modeling tool to present complex digital objects.
Europeana
A collection of more than six million digitized newspaper clippings between the 19th century and 2005 that are exposed as ORE Aggregations with Resource Maps serialized using RDFa.
20th Century Newspaper Archives
A custom-made institutional repository and faculty citation management system that includes support for ORE.
Biblio
Utilizes ORE for aggregating resources that relate to mathematics from distributed digital libraries, serializing Resource Maps as Atom XML.
Japanese Digital Mathematics Library
A module for the Drupal content management system that allows you to build and present media presentations based on OAI-ORE.
Nodequeue OAI-ORE
Librarians collaborating with astronomers to publish, archive, and cross-link documents and research data sets.
National Virtual Observatory
A long-term program to digitize a selection of newspapers published in the United States between 1836 and 1922 to preserve and improve access to them.
National Digital Newspaper Program
A project that utilizes HTTP content negotiation and ORE concepts to retrieve archived versions of Web resources from the past.
Memento
A plug-in for the Wordpress blog platform that generates Resource Maps for blog pages and posts that are exposed using Atom.
Wordpress Plug-in for ORE
A word processor plug-in for Microsoft Word 2007 that adds support for SWORD and the generation and embedding of Resource Maps into .docx files.
Article Authoring Add-in for Microsoft Word
An institutional repository built on top of Microsoft SQL Server and the .Net framework that supports ORE natively.
Zentity
A broad collaboration to facilitate standards and implementations for leveraging annotations across clients, servers, and collections.
Open Annotation Collaboration
A broad collaboration sponsored by Microsoft that builds on the work of ORE by defining a core model, ontology, and extensions for chemical entities, populating and exposing data sources using the model, and developing a set of demonstration applications in scholarly communication and research in chemistry.
oreChem
An open-source ORE implementation for the Fedora repository.
oreProvider
A JavaScript application that presents a quick way to view and navigate through the resources in Aggregations in a pop-up pane that uses preloading and ORE autodiscovery.
peekORE
A project that has produced code libraries for implementing ORE in Java and Python as well as an extension for Mozilla Firefox called explORE that can visually characterize Aggregations, which was originally developed for JSTOR and with support from HP Labs.
Foresite
The winner of the “ORE Challenge” at RepoCamp 2008 that provides a visual interface for navigating nested Aggregations.
OREsome
A Mozilla Firefox extension that enable researchers to create and publish ORE-compliant literary objects that encapsulate their digital resources and bibliographic metadata and view them as Aggregations.
LORE
A scientific authoring, publishing, and editing environment that generates ORE-compliant digital objects.
SCOPE: A Scientific Compound Object Publishing and Editing System
A social networking platform for sharing formalized scientific workflows that can be exposed as ORE Aggregations.
MyExperiment.org
A demonstration of ORE in various applications in a production environment including integrating repositories and the production of electronic theses and dissertations.
ICE Theorem
An implementation of ORE for the DSpace repository platform that supports a digital library of electronic theses and dissertations.
Vireo
- Primer, http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/primer.html
- Tools and Additional Resources, http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/tools.html
- Abstract Data Model, http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/datamodel.html
- Vocabulary, http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/vocabulary.html
- Resource Map Implementation in Atom, http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/atom.html
- Resource Map Implementation in RDF/XML, http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/rdfxml.htmlResource Map Implementation in RDFa, http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/rdfa.html
- HTTP Implementation, http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/http.html
- Resource Map Discovery, http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/discovery.html
- The Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume 1, http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch
- Cool URIs for the Semantic Web, http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris
- DCMI Metadata Terms, http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms
- Expressing Dublin Core metadata using the Resource Description Framework (RDF), http://dublincore.org/documents/dc-rdf
- Hypertext Transfer Protocol: HTTP/1.1, http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616
- The “info” URI Scheme: Resource Pages, http://www.loc.gov/standards/uri/info.html
- Linked Data: Guides and Tutorials, http://linkeddata.org/guides-and-tutorials
- OWL Web Ontology Language Guide, http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide
- Resource Description Framework: Concepts and Abstract Syntax, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts
- RDF Semantics, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt
- RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema
- The Shape of the Scientific Article in The Developing Cyberinfrastructure, C. Lynch, CTWatch Quarterly, August 2007, http://www.ctwatch.org/quarterly/print.php?p=79.html
- Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
- HTML+RDFa: A Mechanism for Embedding RDF in HTML, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/
Carl Lagoze, Cornell University
Herbert Van de Sompel, Los Alamos National Laboratory Research Library
Sayeed Choudhury, Johns Hopkins University
Gregory Crane, Tufts University
Lorcan Dempsey, OCLC
Mark Doyle, The American Physical Society
John Erickson, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories
Steve Griffin, National Science Foundation
Robert Hanisch, Space Telescope Science Institute
Jane Hunter, The University of Queensland
Clifford Lynch, Coalition for Networked Information
Liz Lyon, UKOLN
Peter Murray Rust, University of Cambridge
Jim Ostell, National Center for Biotechnology Information
Sandy Payette, Cornell University
Robby Robson, Eduworks
MacKenzie Smith, MIT Libraries
Leo Waaijers, SURF Platform ICT and Research
Chris Bizer, Free University of Berlin
Les Carr, University of Southampton
Tim DiLauro, Johns Hopkins University
Leigh Dodds, Ingenta
David Fulker, UCAR
Tony Hammond, Nature Publishing Group
Pete Johnston, Eduserv Foundation
Richard Jones, Imperial College
Peter Murray, OhioLINK
Michael Nelson, Old Dominion University
Ray Plante, NCSA and National Virtual Observatory
Rob Sanderson, University of Liverpool
Simeon Warner, Cornell University
Jeff Young, OCLC
Leonardo Candela, ISTI-CNRI and DRIVER
Tim Cole, DLF Aquifer and UIUC Library
Julie Allinson, University of York and JISC
Jane Hunter, DEST
Savas Parastatidis, Microsoft
Sandy Payette, Fedora Commons
Thomas Place, DARE and University of Tilburg
Andy Powell, DCMI
Robert Tansley, Google, Inc. and DSpace
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