| Chapter 4: FRBR: Relation to Other Models and Topics | |
| Brad Eden | |
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| Abstract |
Library Technology Reports 42:6 (Nov/Dec 2006)—A comprehensive resource that provides a “vehicle for providing concise, readable, and…understandable abstracts on the variety of resources available related to FRBR.” From the Preface “FRBR, FRAR, FROR, FRVRR, FRANAR, FRSAR … What are these abbreviations? In a profession that lives and breathes abbreviations and acronyms, do we really need more? Apparently we do, because these are the new boys (or girls) on the block. There is an information revolution on the horizon. Actually, it is going on right now. Libraries no longer have a monopoly on information. As library professionals, we are challenged by publicly traded companies—such as Google and Amazon—with billions of dollars in resources. They provide the consumer with easy-to-use Web interfaces, a single-search box that belies the complexity of indexes and programming beneath, and add-on features that have become extremely popular with users who now expect them to be available on the library's online public access catalog (OPAC) and databases. “It has become apparent to library administrators the current organizational arrangement and division of operations of technical services and public services is not sustainable either financially or organizationally. The clear imperative is: libraries need to be able to morph, change, reengineer, and strategically invest and train personnel and resources toward a future in which information is no longer controlled or held by the library, but by a large number of publishing and service conglomerates for whom there is little incentive to think about issues, such as persistent access, preservation, or standardization of digital objects…. “We have neither the money nor the market dominance that companies like Google, Amazon, and eBay have in the new information environment; we must change, and we must change NOW! FRBR and its subsequent follower abbreviations and/or acronyms may be able to provide the marketability and viability towards this new direction. Only time will tell.” About the Author Brad Eden is Associate University Librarian for Technical Services and Scholarly Communication at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Previous positions include Head, Web and Digitization Services for the University of Nevada, Las Vegas Libraries; Head, Bibliographic and Metadata Services for the UNLV Libraries; and Coordinator of Technical Services for the North Harris Montgomery Community College District. He is editor of OCLC Systems & Services: Digital Library Perspectives International and is associate editor of Library Hi Tech and The Journal of Film Music. He has a master's and Ph.D. degrees in musicology as well as an MS in library science. He publishes in the areas of metadata, librarianship, medieval music and liturgy, and J. R. R. Tolkien. He recently edited Innovative Redesign and Reorganization of Library Technical Services: Paths for the Future and Case Studies (Libraries Unlimited, 2004), and is the author of four other issues of Library Technology Reports including, “Metadata and Its Applications: New Directions and Updates” (41:6); “Innovative Digital Projects in the Humanities” (41:4); “3D Visualization Techniques: 2D and 3D Information Visualization Resources, Application, and Future” (41:1); and “Metadata and Its Applications” (38:5).” |
Turbulence is life force. It is opportunity. Let's love turbulence and use it for change.1
www.ilrt.bris.ac.uk/discovery/harmony/docs/abc/abc_draft.html
This URL provides access to “a strawman document to initiate discussion of a common conceptual model to facilitate interoperability among application metadata vocabularies.” ABC is conceptually based on the Warwick Framework and the Resource Description Framework (RDF). It attempts, according to this draft, to address the interoperability of multiple metadata packages by formally defining common relationships and entities between various metadata modules, to describe them in a simple logical model, and to provide a framework for extension of the semantics to application- and domain-specific metadata vocabularies. The rest of the document is a description of the architecture, data modeling, mapping rules, vocabulary, and open issues. The individuals listed as the “parties responsible” for this document are Dan Brickley, Jane Hunter, and Carl Lagoze.
http://jodi.tamu.edu/Articles/v04/i01/Doerr
www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/Core_Ontology.pdf
This 2003 article by Martin Doerr, Jane Hunter, and Carl Lagoze appeared in the Journal of Digital Information; it examines two major architectures for information integration: the CIDOC/CRM, an ontology in the cultural heritage and museum communities; and the ABC ontology, a model designed for the exchange and integration of digital library information.2 The authors look at harmonizing the two ontologies.
www.metadata.net/harmony/ABCV2.htm
This online document is dated June 18, 2001, and at that point, the ABC ontology became part of the JISC/NSF/DSTC sponsored Harmony project (www.ilrt.bris.ac.uk/discovery/harmony), which examined complex multimedia resources in digital libraries, their metadata, and their vocabularies. ABC classes and properties are specifically defined and detailed here, along with class hierarchy diagrams, and specific modeling examples.
www.itee.uq.edu.au/∼eresearch/papers/2000/OralHistory/paper.html
www.itee.uq.edu.au/∼jane/jane-hunter/OralHistory/paper.html
These URLs provide access to a case study (by Jane Hunter and Darren James) of the ABC/Harmony ontology model, as applied to a complex multimedia oral history archive. A database with a searchable and browsable Web interface, as well as indexing tools, were developed as a test bed of the ABC Harmony model.
http://jodi.tamu.edu/Articles/v01/i08/Hunter
This Journal of Digital Information article (2001) by Jane Hunter describes the development of an XSLT/RDF schema to produce MetaNet, a metadata term thesaurus that enables dynamic and flexible mapping among metadata standards and is based on the ABC Harmony model.3
http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/Articles/v02/i02/Lagoze
http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/Articles/v02/i02/Lagoze/lagoze-final.pdf
Another article by Lagoze and Hunter appearing in the peer-reviewed Journal of Digital Information (2002), this work presents more information on the integration of CIMI and RDF in the ABC ontology and model.4
www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/ev.pdf (paper)
www.dli2.nsf.gov/ukworkshop/presentations/lagoze_cornell/lagoze_cornell.pdf (presentation)
The abstract of this paper by Carl Lagoze, Jane Hunter, and Dan Brickley on the ABC model states: “We describe the ABC modeling work of the Harmony Project. The ABC model provides a foundation for understanding interoperability of individual metadata modules—as described in the Warwick Framework—and for developing mechanisms to translate them. Of particular interest in this model is an event, which facilitates understanding of the lifecycle of resources and the association of metadata descriptions in this lifecycle.”5 The paper is accompanied by a presentation (see second URL) that includes helpful graphics.
www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/lagozelc.pdf
www.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/lagoze_paper.html (final version)
This paper by Lagoze was prepared for the Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium (Library of Congress, November 15–17, 2000) and proposes radical changes in the use of the library catalog and the model upon which it is based. It describes why the changes are necessary and what will happen if they aren't adopted.
www.dli2.nsf.gov/dlione/berkeley/weinstein/index.htm
This formal ontology of bibliographic relations (March 3, 1998) by Peter Weinstein (University of Michigan Digital Library) improves on the IFLA work hierarchy and uses the Loom description logic, in an attempt to generate a knowledge-based collection of MARC metadata and a Web demonstration of the results.
www-personal.umich.edu/∼peterw/Ontology/Beethoven/demo.html
A more detailed by description (also by Peter Weinstein) with graphics of the Weinstein ontology-based model, with access to the Beethoven knowledge base that incorporates it. The contents for this online document includes: “Bibliographic Relations”; “Generating the Knowledge-Base”; “Potential Benefits”; “People”; and “Publications.”
www-personal.umich.edu/∼peterw/Ontology/beethoven.paper.rtf
This document by Peter Weinstein (frome the Proceedings of the Third Association for Computing Machinery [ACM] Digital Library Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1998) presents more description of the Beethoven knowledge-base constructed on the formal metadata ontology model described by Weinstein.
www-personal.umich.edu/∼peterw/abstracts.html
This online document provides access to abstracts (1998) by Peter Weinstein of various papers and presentations by Weinstein from 1990–2000.
www-personal.umich.edu/∼peterw/Ontology/seed.paper.rtf
This document by Peter Weinstein and Gene Alloway covers moving the ontology-based metadata model to digital library development (from the Proceedings of the Second International ACM Digital Library Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1997).
www-personal.umich.edu/∼peterw/Ontology/ontology.html
www-personal.umich.edu/∼peterw/Ontology/sca.ontology.html
www.si.umich.edu/UMDL/May97Preso/Weinstein%20-%20SMS/index.htm
The URLs listed above describe the University of Michigan Digital Library (UMDL) ontology (by Peter Weinstein, 1998).
www.dlib.org/dlib/january99/bearman/01bearman.html
The INDECS model—one geared toward e-commerce and rights management—is based on FRBR, and this 1999 article in D-Lib Magazine examines the harmonization of the Dublin Core and the INDECS/DOI community of authors, rights’ holders, and publishers in their expression of metadata for information resources.6 Authors include: David Bearman (Archives & Museum Informatics); Godfrey Rust (Data Definitions); Stuart Weibel (OCLC); Eric Miller (OCLC); and Jennifer Trant (Art Museum Image Consortium).
This detailed description of INDECS by Godfrey Rust and Mark Bide (MUZE, Inc.: EDItEUR, June 2000), identifies the principles on which it is based, the model itself, and the data dictionary.
www.ukoln.ac.uk/dlis/models/models10/gr-mod10.ppt
This PowerPoint presentation by Godfrey Rust (1999) serves as a nice graphical reference on how the <indecs> model works.
www.bnf.fr/pages/version_anglaise/normes/no-acCRM_gb.htm
http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/technical_papers.html
This is the home page for the CIDOC CRM (Conceptual Reference Model); see especially the technical papers (http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/technical_papers.html) Web page.
www.rlg.org/en/pdfs/2003metadata/gill.pdf
This online document by Tony Gill outlines the CRM in relation to the FRBR model (presented at Ready to Wear: Metadata Standards to Suit Your Project: An RLG-CIMI Forum, May 12–13, 2003).
www.chin.gc.ca/Resources/Cidoc/French/Presentations/mdoerr.html (online document)
www.chin.gc.ca/Resources/Cidoc/French/Presentations/mdoerr.ppt (PowerPoint file)
The URLs above provide access to a brief online paper (in English) and PowerPoint presentation (presented on August 25, 2000, CIDOC 2002, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) about metadata and the CIDOC DRM. Authors listed include: Martin Doerr, ICS-Forth, Crete, Greece; Nicholas Crofts, University of Switzerland, Geneva; and Maria Theodoridou, ICS-Forth, Crete, Greece 2000.
http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/symposium_presentations/gill_2003-when-rubber_hits_road.ppt
This highly graphical PowerPoint presentation of the CRM by Tony Gill (presented at Sharing the Knowledge: International CIDOC CRM Symposium, Washington, DC, Marcy 27, 2003) outlines its application in the real world of cultural digital objects.
http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/symposium_presentations/leboeuf_bookbugbangle_revised.doc (paper)
http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/symposium_presentations/leboeuf_slides.ppt (PowerPoint file)
This paper (Microsoft Word document) by Patrick Le Bœuf (Bibliothèque nationale de France) and accompanying PowerPoint presentation was presented at Washington, International CRM Symposium, “Sharing the Knowledge” (Washington, DC, March 26–27, 2003) and provides a description of the issues involved in trying to map the CIDOC CRM to the FRBR model.
www.rlg.org/legacy/r-focus/i45tour.html
This article appearing in the August 2000 issue of RLG Focus (a bi-monthly newsletter published by RLG) by Tony Gill provides a short introduction and explanation of the CIDOC CRM.7
http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/3rd_FRBR_CRMHarmon.doc
The URL above provides access to Patrick Le Bœuf's most up-to-date information regarding the integration of CRM with FRBR. Links to earlier versions of Le Bœuf's work on this subject include:
- “Mapping CRM to FRBR” (2003)
http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/mapping_crm_frbr.doc
http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/mapping_crm_frbr.pdf - “Mapping FRBR to CRM” (2002) http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/mapping_frbr-crm_revised.doc
http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/mapping_frbr-crm_revised.pdf
www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/rslp/model/amcc-v31.pdf
This study (third issue, revised, Oxford, January 14, 2000) carried out by Michael Heaney (University of Library Services Directorate, University of Oxford) examines the collection model based on FRBR, RDF, and XML.
www.dlib.org/dlib/september00/powell/09powell.html
This September 2000 article in D-Lib Magazine by Andy Powell, Michael Heaney, and Lorcan Dempsey provides a detailed description of the RSLP project and includes a collection description schema and collection types.8
www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/rslp/schema
This document (May 2000) by Andy Powell (UKLON, University of Bath) graphically illustrates the RSLP schema architecture and features attribute descriptions and semantics.
www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/rslp/tool
This document (2000) by Andy Powell provides a prototype template for ingest of information. Guidelines (“RSLP Collection Description: Data Entry Guidelines [draft]”) for filling in the RSLP template are available at www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/rslp/tool/?mode=printGuide.
www.ukoln.ac.uk/cd-focus/model-ext/CD2-principles-v2-2.pdf
This document (second issue, revised November 2005) by Michael Heaney provides an up-to-date and detailed description of the RSLP architecture.
www.dml.indiana.edu/papers.html
This Web site provides access to a large number of papers and presentations composed by Variations2 staff.
http://variations2.indiana.edu/html/dunn-notess-dlf2002/dunn-notess-dlf2002_frame.htm
This online document features a presentation by Jon W. Dunn and Mark Notess (both from the Indiana University Digital Library Program) that was presented at the Digital Library Federation Fall Forum (Seattle, Washington, November 4–6, 2002); it specifically discusses the FRBR model influence on the Variations2 architecture and outlines specific solutions for enhancing the FRBR model for this particular project.
http://variations2.indiana.edu/pdf/minibayeva-dunn-jcdl2002.pdf
http://variations2.indiana.edu/html/minibayeva-dunn-jcdl2002/minibayeva-dunn-jcdl2002_frame.htm
These online documents by Natalia Minibayeva (Indiana University School of Library and Information Science) and Jon W. Dunn (from the Proceedings of the Second ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, Portland, Oregon, July 13–17, 2002) provide yet another detailed examination of the FRBR model related to the Variations2 project.
www.dml.indiana.edu/pdf/p084-notess.pdf
http://csdl2.computer.org/comp/proceedings/jcdl/2004/2493/00/24930422.pdf
The abstract of a paper (and accompanying presentation) by Mark Notess and Jon W. Dunn on the FRBR influence in the Variations2 project (from the Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, Tucson, Arizona, 2004).
www.ifla.org/IV/ifla66/papers/125-164e.htm
This examination by Eeva Murtomaa (Helsinki University Library) of how the FRBR model and the General International Standard Archival Description (ISAD[G]) might assist in the collaboration and cooperation between libraries and archives (from the Proceedings of the 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, August 13–18, 2000).
http://archivi.beniculturali.it/INTRANET/estero/Villalante.pdf
This in-depth look at the ISAD(G) in relation to the FRBR model, with some excellent graphics, was presented by Maurizio Savoja (Archivo di Stato di Milano) at the Convergence on Memory Institutions: Finnish-Italian Seminar on the Collaboration of Libraries, Archives, and Museums in the Organization of Knowledge (Villa Lante, Rome, November 14–16, 2002).
www.lib.utexas.edu/dams/development/metadata/data_model.html
The two URLs listed above provide access to the Web portal of the Digital Assets Management System (DAMS) for the Digital Library Services Division at the University of Texas at Austin Libraries. The DAMS digital architecture incorporates a FRBR model.
http://elane.stanford.edu/laneauth/IFLA_Berlin.html
This document by Dick R. Miller provides an introductory presentation on XOBIS, an XML schema that falls somewhere between the complexity of MARC and the simplicity of Dublin Core. XOBIS incorporates a number of the attributes and relationships of the FRBR model.
http://elane.stanford.edu/laneauth/XOBIS_CCQ/XOBIS_CCQ.html
This chapter by Dick R. Miller appears in the book Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR): Hype, or Cure-All?.9 (The above URL provides access to the preprinted version of the content.) The work is an extensive discussion of the XOBIS schema and of the FRBR influence on its design; it also features excellent graphs of the architecture model.
Notes
| 1. | Ramsay Clark, “Quotation #1585 from Laura Moncur's Motivational Quotations,” The Quotations Page, http://quotationspage.com/quote/1585.html (accessed Septem-ber 19, 2006). |
| 2. | Martin Doerr, Jane Hunter, and Carl Lagoze, “Towards a Core Ontology for Information Integration,” Journal of Digital Information 4, no. 1 (April 9, 2003), http://jodi.tamu.edu/Articles/v04/i01/Doerr (accessed September 19, 2006). |
| 3. | Jane Hunter, “MetaNet: Metadata Term Thesaurus to Enable Semantic Interoperability between Metadata Domains,” Journal of Digital Information 1, no. 8 (February 8, 2001), http://jodi.tamu.edu/Articles/v01/i08/Hunter (accessed September 19, 2006). |
| 4. | Carl Lagoze and Jane Hunter, “The ABC Ontology and Model,” Journal of Digital Information 2, no. 2 (November 6, 2001), http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/Articles/v02/i02/Lagoze (accessed September 19, 2006). |
| 5. | Carl Lagoze, Jane Hunter, and Dan Brickley, “An Event-Aware Model for Metadata Interoperability” (paper produced from ABC Workshop, January 2000), www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/ev.pdf (accessed September 19, 2006). |
| 6. | David Bearman et al, ““A Common Model to Support Interoperable Metadata,” D-Lib Magazine 5, no. 1 (January 1999), www.dlib.org/dlib/january99/bearman/01bearman.html (accessed September 19, 2006). |
| 7. | Tony Gill, “Touring the RLG Information Landscape: The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model,” RLG Focus 45 (August 2000), www.rlg.org/legacy/r-focus/i45tour.html (accessed September 19, 2006). |
| 8. | Andy Powell, Michael Heaney, and Lorcan Dempsey, “RSLP (Research Support Libraries) Collection Description,” D-Lib Magazine 6, no. 9 (September 2000), www.dlib.org/dlib/september00/powell/09powell.html (accessed September 19, 2006). |
| 9. | Patrick Le Bœuf, ed., Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR): Hype, or Cure-All? (Binghamton: Haworth Press, 2005). Also appeared as an article in Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 39, no. 3–4, www.catalogingandclassificationquarterly.com/ccq39nr3-4.html (accessed September 13, 2006). |
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